The Public Good and the Lottery
A lottery is a game in which a random drawing determines the winner. Prizes may be cash or goods. Lotteries are commonly conducted by governments, but private individuals also organize them for their own purposes. Governments often use them to raise funds for social welfare programs, but they are also used to provide recreational activities for citizens and to pay for public works projects. Some people choose to buy a lottery annuity to receive payments over time instead of a lump sum.
The word Lottery derives from the Latin sortilegij, a term that means “casting of lots.” The first lotteries were a form of entertainment at Roman dinner parties; guests would be given tickets and prizes might include fancy dinnerware. During the American Revolution, Benjamin Franklin sponsored a lottery to help fund the building of cannons for defense of Philadelphia against the British. Public lotteries were a common feature of the American colonies, raising money for all sorts of public usages. Privately organized lotteries were also common, and people could win anything from a house to a slave.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, states that had large social safety nets started to use lotteries to reduce taxes. Lottery proceeds allowed the states to expand their range of services without imposing especially onerous burdens on the middle class and working classes. This arrangement lasted through the immediate post-World War II period, until inflation eroded the ability of lottery revenues to keep up with the cost of state services.
People still like to gamble, and the popularity of lotteries shows no sign of abating. But what does that mean for the public good? Are lotteries serving their true purpose, or are they running at cross-purposes with the needs of the public?
The first state-sponsored lotteries were introduced in the 15th century. They were used to raise funds for town fortifications and poor relief. They were also used to fund educational institutions. The oldest operating lotter in the world is in the Netherlands, where the Staatsloterij was established in 1726.
Modern lotteries are commercial enterprises, and their advertising focuses on persuading the public to spend their money. This commercialization has been a source of controversy, with critics noting that it promotes gambling, leads to problem gamblers, and distorts the social contract between the state and its citizenry.
Proponents of lotteries argue that the commercialization of the lottery does not distort its true purpose, which is to serve as a fun and exciting way for people to fantasize about winning. But they cannot deny that the lottery is a hugely expensive form of public entertainment, and that it imposes a regressive burden on those with less disposable income. As a result, state lotteries have come to serve multiple constituencies: the ticket holders (especially those who purchase large numbers of tickets); convenience store operators; lottery suppliers (whose lobbyists make heavy contributions to state political campaigns); teachers; state legislators; and many others.